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United States presidents issue executive orders to help officers and agencies of the executive branch manage the operations within the federal government itself.[1] Presidential memoranda are closely related, and like executive orders have the force of law on the Executive Branch, but are generally considered less prestigious. Presidential memoranda do not have an established process for issuance or publication; unlike executive orders, they are not numbered. A presidential determination is a determination resulting in an official policy or position of the executive branch of the United States government. Presidential determinations may involve any number of actions, including setting or changing policy, or any number of other exercises of executive power.[2] A presidential proclamation is a statement issued by a president on a matter of public policy issued under specific authority granted to the president by Congress and typically on a matter of widespread interest.[3] An administrative order (i.e., findings, letters, orders) can be issued.[4]
Administrative orders are published in the Federal Register in forms other than those of executive orders, or proclamations, have been denominated as administrative orders when reproduced in CFR Title 3 compilations.[4] A research guide by the National Archives defined administrative orders as "unnumbered signed documents through which the President of the United States conducts the administrative operations of the Federal Government" which "include but are not limited to memoranda, notices, determinations, letters, and messages."[5]
A presidential notice or a presidential sequestration order can also be issued.[6][7] The newest executive power, national security presidential memoranda,2 operate like executive orders, but are only in the area of national security. They date back to President Harry S. Truman and have been called many different names.1[8]
Executive orders, presidential proclamations, presidential memoranda, presidential determinations, administrative orders, presidential notices, presidential sequestration orders, and national security presidential memoranda are compiled by the Office of the Federal Register (within the National Archives and Records Administration) and are printed by the Government Printing Office. They are published daily, except on federal holidays. A free source of these documents is the Federal Register, which contains government agency rules, proposed rules, and public notices.[9] There are no copyright restrictions on the Federal Register; as a work of the U.S. government, it is in the public domain.[10]
Listed below are executive orders numbered 13765-13984, presidential proclamations, presidential memoranda, presidential determinations, administrative orders, presidential notices, presidential sequestration orders, and national security presidential memoranda signed by U.S. President Donald Trump. Trump issued a total of 894 executive actions, of which 220 were executive orders.[11]
- ^ Schmidt et al. 2013.
- ^ Office of the Press Secretary (January 4, 1996). "Suspending Restrictions on U.S. Relations with the Palestine Liberation Organization". Yale Law School. Yale University. White House. Retrieved February 23, 2017.
- ^ Hartman, Gary R. (2004). Landmark Supreme Court cases : the most influential decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States. New York: Facts on File. p. 545. ISBN 9781438110363.
- ^ a b Relyea 2008, p. 4.
- ^ "Presidential Documents Guide". National Archives and Records Administration. Washington, D.C.: United States Government. August 15, 2016. Retrieved October 8, 2017.
- ^ Relyea, Harold C. (February 10, 2003). "Presidential Directives: Background and Overview" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. Retrieved March 24, 2017.
- ^ Johnson, Paul M. "Sequestration". Department of Political Science. Auburn, Alabama: Auburn University. Retrieved May 29, 2017.
- ^ Korte, Gregory (October 12, 2017). "The executive action toolbox: How presidents use proclamations, executive orders and memoranda". USA Today. McLean, Virginia: Gannett Company. Retrieved November 7, 2017.
- ^ 44 U.S.C. § 1505
- ^ 1 CFR 2.6; "Any person may reproduce or republish, without restriction, any material appearing in any regular or special edition of the Federal Register."
- ^ "Executive Orders". The American Presidency Project. Retrieved February 3, 2021.
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